![]() Eurostat defines EU coastal systems as standard statistical regions (the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, NUTS 3 level), which have at least half of their population within 50 km of the coast. For instance, the land boundary of Germany is based on the area under the jurisdiction of the administrative department in the context of global climate change, land within 100 km of the coastline is often used as the boundary. ![]() The methods for defining coastal systems are classified into management units, human use dynamics, area coverage of coastal zones, and ecosystem functions. The interpretation of “coastal area/system,” particularly its land part, varies across countries. Coupled with climate change and its impacts (such as sea level rise, storm intensity and patterns, and increased coastal flooding) will increase the risk of coastline retreat. Although some coastal protection facilities can promote sand accumulation on beaches in small areas, local ocean currents and sediment transport patterns typically change away from protected shores, leading to coastal erosion elsewhere. In addition, if a seawall is built very close to the coastline and the width of the beach is not enough to dissipate the wave energy, such a seawall may cause high degree of wave reflection and promote strong reverse wave energy, thus shifting the coastal sediment to offshore areas. ![]() The presence of buildings and facilities in coastal regions may change these physical processes and accelerate the degree of shoreline retreat, such as interrupted coastal sand drift due to groins, jetties, and harbor breakwaters reduced sediment input or increased wave energy due to the destruction of coral reefs. The coastal environment largely depends on dynamic physical processes, such as waves, ocean currents, wind, sediment stock and littoral drift, and sea level changes. Human activities and natural disasters have put tremendous pressure on coastal areas, leading to the erosion intensification, retreat of coastlines, and incidence of severe coastal disasters. Finally, the application of numerical models to assess the impact factors in coastal buffer zones are proposed.ĭue to economic and population growth, the use of coastal and marine spaces by humans has increased, and the impact of human activities in some coastal areas has reached the coastline. Moreover, regarding the direction of research into coastal buffer zones, themes and countermeasures for coastal buffer zone management were discussed from the perspectives of technology, planning, and management policies. Further, factors affecting the establishment of coastal buffer zones were classified according to natural and anthropogenic characteristics. ![]() The coastal buffer zone may offer remarkable advantages to avoid improper coastal use and limit the impact of extreme events by reducing erosion, mitigating coastal disasters, improving water quality, expanding habitats, and minimizing coastal degradation. In the present study, coastal buffer and protection zones were defined for the management of coastal disasters. This is because typhoon waves with storm surges frequently attack overdeveloped coasts and related structures. Overuse of coastal regions may lead to coastal erosion and shoreline retreat, threatening the inherent life and property of the coast. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |